idem
/ˈaɪdɛm/
noun
- The same as previously mentioned; used in citations or references to avoid repeating an author or title.
- In the footnote, the author wrote 'Smith, 1999; idem, 2001' to show both books were by the same person.
- When citing the same source twice in a row, scholars often use 'idem' instead of writing the full name again.
- The bibliography listed 'Jones, A. (2010). ... ; idem. (2015). ...' to save space.
adverb
- In the same way; similarly (used in formal or academic contexts).
- He argued that the law should apply to citizens, and idem to non-citizens living in the country.
- The recipe calls for butter, and idem for margarine as a substitute.
- The first experiment failed, and idem the second one produced no results.
Antonyms